Nanocellulose/surfactant composite

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides nanocellulose/surfactant composites having excellent redispersibility in water and related compositions and methods, including methods for producing the composites. Included is a nanocellulose/surfactant composite containing a nanocellulose and a surfactant, the nanocellulose/surfactant composite having a moisture content of lower than 10%, the surfactant including an ionic surfactant having a weight average molecular weight of 3000 or more.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to nanocellulose/surfactant composites andproduction methods and rubber compositions thereof.

BACKGROUND ART

Nanocelluloses such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cellulosenanocrystals (CNC) can impart excellent properties including highstrength with lightweight. Thus, composite materials including suchnanocelluloses have been proposed.

For example, some nanocelluloses are provided in the form of driedproducts prepared by drying dispersions in which nanocelluloses aredispersed in aqueous media. In many cases, the dried products areredispersed in aqueous media, and the redispersions are combined withother materials such as rubbers or resins to produce compositematerials.

Upon redispersion, however, nanocelluloses are sometimes not welldispersed. Disadvantageously, such redispersions, when combined withother materials, cannot provide composite materials in which thenanocelluloses are sufficiently dispersed. Therefore, there is a needfor nanocellulose materials (dried products) having excellentredispersibility in water.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

The present invention aims to solve the problem and providenanocellulose/surfactant composites having excellent redispersibility inwater and related compositions and methods, including methods forproducing the composites.

Solution to Problem

The present invention relates to a nanocellulose/surfactant composite,containing a nanocellulose and a surfactant, thenanocellulose/surfactant composite having a moisture content of lowerthan 10%, the surfactant including an ionic surfactant having a weightaverage molecular weight of 3000 or more.

Preferably, the nanocellulose includes at least one of amicrofibrillated cellulose or a cellulose nanocrystal.

Preferably, the microfibrillated cellulose has an average fiber diameterof 2 to 50 nm, an average fiber length of 10 μm or less, and a degree ofcrystallinity of 60 to 90%.

Preferably, the cellulose nanocrystal has an average fiber diameter of 2to 50 nm, an average fiber length of 500 nm or less, and a degree ofcrystallinity of 70% or more.

The present invention also relates to a method for producing thenanocellulose/surfactant composite, including steps of: mixing the ionicsurfactant with a dispersion of the nanocellulose to prepare a liquidmixture, and drying the liquid mixture.

The present invention also relates to a rubber composition, containingthe nanocellulose/surfactant composite.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

The nanocellulose/surfactant composite of the present invention containsa nanocellulose and a surfactant and has a moisture content of lowerthan 10%. Further, the surfactant includes an ionic surfactant having aweight average molecular weight of 3000 or more. Such a composite hasexcellent redispersibility in water. Thus, the nanocellulose/surfactantcomposite can be used to provide well-dispersed nanocellulose compositematerials.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [Nanocellulose/Surfactant Composite]

The nanocellulose/surfactant composite of the present invention containsa nanocellulose and an ionic surfactant having a weight averagemolecular weight of 3000 or more, and has a moisture content of lowerthan 10% by mass. The composite has excellent redispersibility in waterand can be used to provide well-dispersed nanocellulose compositematerials (e.g., rubber compositions containing rubber andnanocellulose).

The mechanism of this effect is not clear, but may be explained asfollows.

In the case of low moisture content nanocellulose products (e.g., driedproducts) prepared by drying dispersions of nanocelluloses in water,when redispersed in water they tend not to reconstruct dispersions inwhich the nanocelluloses are sufficiently dispersed. Presumably, this isbecause the nanocelluloses in the dried products or the like stronglyaggregate to each other, and this strong aggregation force inhibits thenanocelluloses from redispersing in water. In contrast, low moisturecontent nanocellulose products prepared by drying dispersions ofnanocelluloses and ionic surfactants having a predetermined molecularweight in water can be redispersed to reconstruct excellently dispersednanocellulose dispersions.

Presumably, this is because the specific surfactants inhibit theaggregation of the nanocelluloses in the dried products or the like,thereby enabling reconstruction of dispersions in which thenanocelluloses are sufficiently dispersed upon redispersion. Thus, acomposite containing a nanocellulose and a specific surfactant andhaving a moisture content adjusted to lower than 10% by mass isconsidered to have excellent redispersibility in water. It is alsoconsidered that a nanocellulose redispersion prepared from the compositecan be used to provide excellently dispersed nanocellulose compositematerials.

The nanocellulose/surfactant composite has a moisture content(proportion of the contained water) of lower than 10% by mass based on100% by mass of the composite. The moisture content of the composite maybe 7% by mass or lower, 5% by mass or lower, or 3% by mass or lower. Thecomposite even with such a low moisture content can be redispersed inwater to provide a well-dispersed nanocellulose dispersion.

The moisture content is measured in accordance with JIS A 1476:2006“Measuring method for moisture content of building materials by dryingat elevated temperature”.

(Nanocellulose)

The nanocellulose in the nanocellulose/surfactant composite is acellulose fiber having a nano-sized fiber size (diameter) and may beprepared by disintegrating (fibrillating) cellulose fiber-containingmaterials (e.g., wood pulp) into nano-sized fibers. In thenanocellulose, cellulose molecules are aggregated together intonano-sized diameter fibers, and such cellulose molecules are linked byhydrogen bonding. In plant cell walls, the smallest units are cellulosemicrofibrils each having a width of about 4 nm (single cellulosenanofibers) and form basic structural materials of plants. Thenanocellulose is a nano-sized cellulose formed of a cellulosemicrofibril or an aggregate of cellulose microfibrils.

Suitable examples of the nanocellulose include microfibrillatedcelluloses (cellulose nanofibers (CNF)) and cellulose nanocrystals(CNC). One type or a combination of two or more types of nanocellulosesmay be used.

The CNF fiber can be prepared by treating cellulose fibers via, forexample, mechanical fibrillation. A method for preparing the CNF may beperformed by fibrillating a cellulose fiber-containing material such aspulp, e.g., by mechanically grinding or beating a water suspension orslurry of the cellulose fiber-containing material using a refiner, ahigh-pressure homogenizer, a grinder, a single or multi-screw kneader(preferably twin screw kneader), a bead mill, or other devices.

From the standpoints of dispersibility in a matrix and other properties,the CNF preferably has an average fiber diameter of 10 μm or less. Theaverage fiber diameter is more preferably 500 nm or less, still morepreferably 100 nm or less, particularly preferably 50 nm or less. Thelower limit of the average fiber diameter is not limited, but ispreferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 2 nm or more, still morepreferably 3 nm or more.

The CNF preferably has an average fiber length of 100 nm or more, morepreferably 300 nm or more, still more preferably 500 nm or more. Theupper limit is also preferably 50 μm or less, more preferably 10 μm orless. Moreover, the CNF preferably has an aspect ratio (average fiberlength/average fiber diameter) of 10 or more.

The CNC crystal can be prepared by chemically treating cellulose fibersvia, for example, acid hydrolysis. A method for preparing the CNC may beperformed by known methods, such as a chemical technique which includestreating a water suspension or slurry of the aforementioned cellulosefiber-containing material via, for example, acid hydrolysis with an acidsuch as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or hydrobromic acid.

From the standpoints of dispersibility in a matrix and other properties,the CNC preferably has an average fiber diameter of 10 μm or less. Theaverage fiber diameter is more preferably 500 nm or less, still morepreferably 100 nm or less, particularly preferably 50 nm or less. Thelower limit of the average fiber diameter is not limited, but ispreferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 2 nm or more, still morepreferably 3 nm or more.

The CNC preferably has an average fiber length of 50 nm or more, morepreferably 80 nm or more, still more preferably 100 nm or more. Theupper limit is preferably 800 nm or less, more preferably 500 nm orless, still more preferably 300 nm or less.

Herein, the average fiber diameter and average fiber length of thenanocellulose may be measured by image analysis using scanning electronmicrographs, image analysis using transmission electron micrographs,image analysis using atomic force micrographs, X-ray scattering dataanalysis, the aperture impedance method (Coulter principle), or othermethods. As used herein, the average fiber diameter and average fiberlength of the nanocellulose (cellulose fiber) typically refer to theaverage fiber diameter and average fiber length, respectively, of theaggregates of cellulose fibrils formed by aggregation of cellulosemolecules.

The CNF usually has a degree of crystallinity of 90% or less, and thedegree of crystallinity may be 80% or less or 70% or less. From thestandpoints of dispersibility in a rubber matrix and other properties,the lower limit of the degree of crystallinity is preferably 30% ormore, more preferably 50% or more, still more preferably 60% or more.

The CNC preferably has a degree of crystallinity of 70% or more, morepreferably 75% or more, still more preferably 80% or more, from thestandpoints of dispersibility in a rubber matrix and other properties.The upper limit of the degree of crystallinity is not limited and may be100%.

Herein, the degree of crystallinity of the nanocellulose refers to thedegree of cellulose I crystallinity calculated from diffractionintensity data obtained by X-ray diffraction in accordance with theSegal's method and is defined by the following equation: Degree ofcellulose I crystallinity (%) [(I22.6−I18.5)/I22.6]×100

wherein 122.6 denotes the diffraction intensity of the lattice plane(002) (diffraction angle 2θ=22.6°), and 118.5 denotes the diffractionintensity of the amorphous portion (diffraction angle 2θ=18.5°) in X-raydiffraction.

Examples of the raw material (cellulose) of the nanocellulose includeplant-derived celluloses such as softwood kraft pulp, hardwood kraftpulp, Manila hemp pulp, sisal hemp pulp, bamboo pulp, esparto pulp, andcotton pulp; regenerated celluloses such as regenerated celluloses(polynosic rayons) with a high degree of polymerization produced byspinning in a low acid bath, and solvent-spun rayons produced usingamine-oxide organic solvents; bacterial celluloses; animal-derivedcelluloses such as sea squirt-derived cellulose; and nanocellulosesproduced by electrospinning.

The nanocellulose may be produced from a plant-derived cellulose by aphysical or chemical method. Examples of the physical (fibrillation)method include a high-pressure homogenizer method, a microfluidizermethod, a ball mill method, and a grinding mill method. Examples of thechemical method include a TEMPO oxidation method.

The nanocellulose may also be, for example, one in which some lignin orhemicellulose remains or one which has a chemically modified surface(modified pulp). For example, the modified pulp may be one in which thehydroxyl groups of cellulose fibers are modified by at least one methodselected from esterification or etherification. Moreover, the crosssectional shape of the nanocellulose may be either anisotropic (e.g.,flat) or isotropic (e.g., perfect circle or regular polygon).

(Ionic Surfactant)

The ionic surfactant has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 3000or more. A Mw in this range tends to provide good redispersibility inwater. The Mw is more preferably 4000 or more, still more preferably5000 or more. The upper limit is not limited, but is preferably 50000 orless, more preferably 30000 or less, still more preferably 25000 orless. Herein, the Mw can be determined by gel permeation chromatography(GPC) (GPC-8000 series available from Tosoh Corporation, detector:differential refractometer, column: TSKGEL SUPERMULTIPORE HZ-M availablefrom Tosoh Corporation) calibrated with polystyrene standards.

Examples of the ionic surfactant in the nanocellulose/surfactantcomposite include anionic surfactants and cationic surfactants. From thestandpoint of redispersibility in water, anionic surfactants arepreferred among these. One type or a combination of two or more types ofionic surfactants may be used.

An anionic surfactant has a hydrophobic group and a hydrophilic group.The hydrophobic group may be any functional group with hydrophobicitybut is preferably a hydrocarbon group. The hydrocarbon group may be alinear, branched, or cyclic. Examples include aliphatic, alicyclic, andaromatic hydrocarbon groups. Preferred among these are aliphatic oraromatic hydrocarbon groups. The hydrocarbon group preferably has acarbon number of 4 to 20, more preferably 4 to 15, still more preferably4 to 12.

Preferred among the aliphatic hydrocarbon groups are C1-C20, morepreferably C1-C10, still more preferably C1-C6 aliphatic hydrocarbongroups. Preferred examples include alkyl groups having theabove-mentioned number of carbon atoms. Specific examples includemethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl,tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl,undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, and octadecylgroups. Other examples include alkenyl or alkynyl groups having theabove-mentioned number of carbon atoms, for example, alkenyl groups suchas vinyl, allyl, 1-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, and isobutylene groups,and alkynyl groups such as ethynyl and propargyl groups. Among these, anisobutylene group is preferred.

Preferred among the alicyclic hydrocarbon groups are C3-C8 alicyclichydrocarbon groups. Specific examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclopropenyl,cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, andcyclooctenyl groups.

Preferred among the aromatic hydrocarbon groups are C6-C12 aromatichydrocarbon groups. Specific examples include phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl,tolyl, xylyl, and naphthyl groups, among which phenyl, benzyl, andphenethyl groups are preferred, with a phenyl or benzyl group being morepreferred, with a phenyl group being particularly preferred. The tolylor xylyl group may have a methyl substituent(s) at any of the ortho,meta, and para positions on the benzene ring.

The hydrophilic group is preferably at least one selected from the groupconsisting of carboxyl, sulfonate, sulfate, and phosphate groups, amongwhich a carboxyl or sulfonate group is more preferred, with a carboxylgroup being particularly preferred.

In a preferable embodiment, the anionic surfactant has any of theabove-mentioned functional groups. Specifically, it may be classifiedas, for example, a carboxylate surfactant, a sulfonate surfactant, asulfate surfactant, or a phosphate surfactant.

Examples of the carboxylate surfactant include C6-C30 fatty acid salts,polycarboxylic acid salts, rosin acid salts, dimer acid salts, polymeracid salts, tall oil fatty acid salts, and polycarboxylate polymericsurfactants, among which C10-C20 carboxylic acid salts, polycarboxylicacid salts, and polycarboxylate polymeric surfactants are preferred.Examples of the sulfonate surfactant include alkylbenzene sulfonates,alkylsulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, naphthalene sulfonates,and diphenyl ether sulfonates. Examples of the sulfate surfactantinclude alkylsulfates, polyoxyalkylene alkylsulfates, polyoxyalkylenealkylphenyl ether sulfates, tristyrenated phenol sulfates, distyrenatedphenol sulfates, α-olefin sulfates, alkylsuccinic acid sulfates,polyoxyalkylene tristyrenated phenol sulfates, and polyoxyalkylenedistyrenated phenol sulfates. Examples of the phosphate surfactantinclude alkylphosphates and polyoxyalkylene phosphates. Examples ofthese compound salts include metal salts (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn),ammonium salts, and amine salts (e.g., triethanolamine salts).

Examples of the alkyl groups of these surfactants include C4-C30 alkylgroups. Examples of the polyoxyalkylene groups thereof include thosehaving C2-C4 alkylene groups, such as ones in which the number of molesof ethylene oxide added is about 1 to 50.

Likewise, a cationic surfactant has a hydrophobic group and ahydrophilic group. Examples of the cationic surfactant includequaternary ammonium salt surfactants. Specifically, suitable aresurfactants having a quaternary ammonium group and a hydrocarbon groupas represented by the following formula:

[R¹¹R¹²R¹³R¹⁴N]⁺X⁻

wherein R¹¹ and R¹² are the same as or different from each other andeach represent a C1-C22 alkyl or alkenyl group, and at least one of R¹¹and R¹² has 4 or more carbon atoms; R¹³ and R¹⁴ each represent a C1-C3alkyl group; and X represents a monovalent anion.

In the formula, preferably, one of R¹¹ and R¹² is a methyl group and theother is a C6-C18 alkyl group. R¹³ and R¹⁴ are each preferably a methylgroup. Examples of X include halogen ions such as chloride or bromideions.

Specific examples of the cationic surfactants of the above formulainclude alkyltrimethylammonium salts such as hexyltrimethylammoniumchloride, octyltrimethylammonium chloride, decyltrimethylammoniumchloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimethylammoniumchloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, andstearyltrimethylammonium chloride, and their corresponding bromides.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is preferred among these as it canenhance dispersibility of the nanocellulose.

The surfactant may be a commercial product available from, for example,Elementis PLC, Kao Corporation, Dai-Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd., orSanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.

From the standpoint of redispersibility in water, thenanocellulose/surfactant composite preferably contains the ionicsurfactant in an amount of 5 to 50 parts by mass relative to 100 partsby mass of the nanocellulose (solids content). The amount is morepreferably 9 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 10 parts bymass or more. The upper limit is more preferably 25 parts by mass orless, still more preferably 20 parts by mass or less.

The nanocellulose/surfactant composite containing a nanocellulose and asurfactant may be produced, for example, by a method including: a step(step (1)) of mixing the ionic surfactant with a dispersion of thenanocellulose to prepare a liquid mixture; and a step (step (2)) ofdrying the liquid mixture. In addition to the above-mentioned steps, theproduction method may further include other steps. Moreover, each stepmay be performed either once or repeatedly.

(Step (1))

Step (1) includes mixing the ionic surfactant with a dispersion of thenanocellulose to prepare a liquid mixture.

The method of mixing the ionic surfactant with a dispersion of thenanocellulose to prepare a liquid mixture in step (1) may be carriedout, for example, by mixing the ionic surfactant with a dispersion ofthe nanocellulose using a known agitator such as a high-speedhomogenizer, an ultrasonic homogenizer, a colloid mill, or a blendermill. The temperature and duration for preparing the liquid mixture maybe appropriately selected so that the ionic surfactant and a dispersionof the nanocellulose are sufficiently mixed; for example, preferably ata temperature of 10 to 40° C. for 3 to 120 minutes, more preferably at atemperature of 15 to 30° C. for 5 to 90 minutes.

The dispersion of the nanocellulose may be prepared by known methods.For example, it may be prepared by dispersing the nanocellulose in waterusing a mixer such as a high-pressure homogenizer, an ultrasonichomogenizer, or a colloid mill. The temperature and duration for thepreparation may be appropriately selected in view of the dispersionstate. The amount (solids content) of the nanocellulose in thedispersion of the nanocellulose is not limited, but from the standpointof uniform dispersibility, it is 0.1 to 20% by mass, preferably 0.2 to10% by mass, more preferably 0.3 to 5% by mass of the dispersion (100%by mass).

(Step (2))

Step 2 includes drying the liquid mixture obtained in step 1.

The drying method is not limited and known drying methods that canevaporate the aqueous medium in the liquid mixture may be appropriatelyused.

The drying temperature in step 2 may be appropriately selected. Forexample, from the standpoints of drying efficiency and other properties,the drying temperature is preferably 100° C. or higher, more preferably105° C. or higher, still more preferably 110° C. or higher. The upperlimit is not limited, but is preferably 200° C. or lower, morepreferably 190° C. or lower, still more preferably 180° C. or lower.

The drying duration in step 2 may be appropriately selected depending onthe drying temperature. The duration may be selected such that thedesired amount of water can be removed. The drying duration may be oneminute to 12 hours, for example. In view of drying efficiency and otherproperties, it may be, for example, 10 minutes to 10 hours or may be 30minutes to five hours. The drying step allows the resultingnanocellulose/surfactant composite to have a moisture content of lowerthan 10% by mass.

[Nanocellulose/Rubber Composite]

A nanocellulose/rubber composite can be produced from the liquid mixturecontaining the ionic surfactant and the nanocellulose obtained instep 1. However, since the nanocellulose/surfactant composite hasexcellent redispersibility in water, as described earlier, awell-dispersed nanocellulose/rubber composite can also be produced froma redispersion prepared by redispersing in water thenanocellulose/surfactant composite obtained by step 2 (drying).

Specifically, an excellently dispersed nanocellulose/rubber compositecan be produced by a method including: a step (step 3) of mixing aredispersion of the nanocellulose/surfactant composite with a rubberlatex to prepare a compounded latex; and a step (step 4) of coagulatingthe compounded latex. In addition to the above-mentioned steps, theproduction method may further include other steps. Moreover, each stepmay be performed either once or repeatedly.

(Step 3)

Step 3 includes mixing a redispersion of the nanocellulose/surfactantcomposite with a rubber latex to prepare a compounded latex.

The redispersion of the nanocellulose/surfactant composite may beprepared by mixing the nanocellulose/surfactant composite with water.The preparation of the redispersion may be carried out by known methods,such as by dispersing the nanocellulose-containing composite in waterusing a mixer such as a high-pressure homogenizer, an ultrasonichomogenizer, or a colloid mill. The temperature and duration for thepreparation may be appropriately selected in view of the dispersionstate. The amount (solids content) of the nanocellulose in theredispersion is not limited, but from the standpoint of uniformdispersibility, it is 0.1 to 20% by mass, preferably 0.2 to 10% by mass,more preferably 0.3 to 5% by mass of the redispersion (100% by mass).

Suitable examples of the rubber latex include diene rubber latexes suchas natural rubber latex and synthetic diene rubber latexes (e.g.,latexes of polybutadiene rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR),styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber (SIBR), polyisoprene rubber,acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate rubber,chloroprene rubber, vinylpyridine rubber, or butyl rubber). These rubberlatexes may be used alone or in combinations of two or more. Naturalrubber latex, SBR latex, BR latex, and polyisoprene rubber latex aremore preferred among these, with natural rubber latex being furtherpreferred.

The pH of the rubber latex is preferably 8.5 or higher, more preferably9.5 or higher. A rubber latex having a pH lower than 8.5 tends to beunstable and easily coagulate. The pH of the rubber latex is preferably12 or lower, more preferably 11 or lower. A rubber latex having a pHhigher than 12 may be degraded.

The rubber latex may be prepared by conventionally known methods.Alternatively, it may be any commercial product. The rubber latexpreferably has a rubber solids content of 10 to 80% by mass, morepreferably 20 to 60% by mass.

During the mixing in step 3, the redispersion of thenanocellulose/surfactant composite and the rubber latex may be mixed andsufficiently stirred until they form a uniform dispersion to prepare acompounded latex. The mixing may be carried out, for example: bydropwise adding the redispersion of the nanocellulose/surfactantcomposite to the rubber latex placed in a known agitator such as ablender mill with stirring; or by dropwise adding the rubber latex tothe redispersion of the nanocellulose/surfactant composite whilestirring.

The pH of the compounded latex is preferably 9.0 or higher, morepreferably 9.5 or higher. A compounded latex having a pH lower than 9.0tends to be unstable. The pH of the compounded latex is preferably 12 orlower, more preferably 11.5 or lower. A compounded latex having a pHhigher than 12 may be degraded.

In step 3, from the standpoint of dispersibility of the nanocellulose,the redispersion is preferably mixed with the rubber latex such that theamount of the nanocellulose is 1 to 150 parts by mass relative to 100parts by mass of the rubber solids in the rubber latex. The amount ofthe nanocellulose is more preferably 5 parts by mass or more, but ismore preferably 100 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 70parts by mass or less, particularly preferably 30 parts by mass or less.

The mixing temperature and duration in step 3 are preferably at 10 to40° C. for 3 to 120 minutes, more preferably at 15 to 30° C. for 5 to 90minutes, in order to prepare a uniform compounded latex.

(Step 4)

Step 4 includes coagulating the resulting compounded latex. Thecoagulation may be accomplished, for example, by adjusting the pH of thecompounded latex obtained in step 3 to 3 to 5, preferably 3 to 4. Thecoagulation of the compounded latex by pH adjustment may usually becarried out by adding an acid to the compounded latex. Examples of theacid for coagulation include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, formicacid, and acetic acid. The coagulation step is preferably performed at10 to 40° C.

A flocculant may also be added to control the coagulation (the size ofthe coagulated particle aggregates). Examples of the flocculant includecationic polymers.

The resulting coagula (aggregates containing the coagulated rubber andnanocellulose) may be filtrated, dried, further dried, and subjected torubber kneading using a kneading machine such as a two-roll mill or aBanbury mixer by known methods to obtain a nanocellulose/rubbercomposite in which the nanocellulose is uniformly dispersed in therubber matrix. The nanocellulose/rubber composite may contain othercomponents as long as the effect is not inhibited.

[Rubber Composition]

The nanocellulose/rubber composite may be used in the form of amasterbatch. For example, a rubber composition containing thenanocellulose/rubber composite can be used in a variety of applications.In the nanocellulose/rubber composite, the nanocellulose is sufficientlydispersed in the rubber. Thus, a rubber composition obtained by mixingthe nanocellulose/rubber composite with other components can alsoachieve sufficient dispersion of the nanocellulose. This provideseffective reinforcement and a balanced improvement of rubber physicalproperties including durability (tensile strength at break) and fueleconomy.

The rubber composition contains a rubber component. The rubber componentpreferably includes the rubber component derived from the rubber latexsuch as natural rubber latex, SBR latex, BR latex, or polyisoprenerubber latex (the rubber component contained in the nanocellulose/rubbercomposite) in an amount of 50% by mass or more, more preferably 75% bymass or more, still more preferably 85% by mass or more. The amount maybe 100% by mass.

In particular, the rubber component preferably includes a natural rubberderived from a natural rubber latex (a natural rubber contained in acomposite produced from a nanocellulose and a natural rubber latex) inan amount of 50% by mass or more, more preferably 75% by mass or more,still more preferably 85% by mass or more, based on 100% by mass of therubber component. The amount may be 100% by mass.

The rubber component of the rubber composition may include an additionalrubber component other than the rubber (rubber component) contained inthe nanocellulose/rubber composite. Examples of the additional rubbercomponent include diene rubbers such as isoprene-based rubbers,polybutadiene rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR),styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber (SIBR), ethylene-propylene-dienerubber (EPDM), chloroprene rubber (CR), and acrylonitrile butadienerubber (NBR). Other examples include butyl rubbers and fluororubbers.These rubbers may be used alone or in combinations of two or more. Fromthe standpoints of tire physical properties, SBR, BR, and isoprene-basedrubbers are preferred as the rubber component.

The additional rubber component may include an unmodified diene rubberor a modified diene rubber.

The modified diene rubber may be any diene rubber having a functionalgroup interactive with a filler such as silica. For example, it may be achain end-modified diene rubber obtained by modifying at least one chainend of a diene rubber with a compound (modifier) having the functionalgroup (chain end-modified diene rubber terminated with the functionalgroup); a backbone-modified diene rubber having the functional group inthe backbone; a backbone- and chain end-modified diene rubber having thefunctional group in both the backbone and chain end (e.g., a backbone-and chain end-modified diene rubber in which the backbone has thefunctional group and at least one chain end is modified with themodifier); or a chain end-modified diene rubber that has been modified(coupled) with a polyfunctional compound having two or more epoxy groupsin the molecule so that a hydroxyl or epoxy group is introduced.

Examples of the functional group include amino, amide, silyl,alkoxysilyl, isocyanate, imino, imidazole, urea, ether, carbonyl,oxycarbonyl, mercapto, sulfide, disulfide, sulfonyl, sulfinyl,thiocarbonyl, ammonium, imide, hydrazo, azo, diazo, carboxyl, nitrile,pyridyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, oxy, and epoxy groups. These functionalgroups may be substituted. Amino (preferably amino whose hydrogen atomis replaced with a C1-C6 alkyl group), alkoxy (preferably C1-C6 alkoxy),and alkoxysilyl (preferably C1-C6 alkoxysilyl) groups are preferredamong these.

Non-limiting examples of the SBR include emulsion-polymerizedstyrene-butadiene rubber (E-SBR) and solution-polymerizedstyrene-butadiene rubber (S-SBR). These types of SBR may be used aloneor in combinations of two or more.

From the standpoints of tire physical properties, the SBR preferably hasa styrene content of 5% by mass or higher, more preferably 10% by massor higher, still more preferably 15% by mass or higher. The styrenecontent is also preferably 60% by mass or lower, more preferably 40% bymass or lower, still more preferably 30% by mass or lower.

Herein, the styrene content of the SBR is determined by ¹H-NMR.

The SBR may be a commercial product manufactured or sold by, forexample, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., JSR Corporation, Asahi KaseiCorporation, or Zeon Corporation.

The SBR may be an unmodified SBR or a modified SBR. Examples of themodified SBR include those into which functional groups as listed forthe modified diene rubber are introduced.

From the standpoints of wet grip performance and other properties, theamount of the SBR, if present, based on 100% by mass of the rubbercomponent is preferably 10 to 90% by mass, more preferably 20 to 80% bymass.

Non-limiting examples of the BR include high cis BR having high ciscontent, BR containing syndiotactic polybutadiene crystals, and BRsynthesized using rare earth catalysts (rare earth-catalyzed BR). Thesetypes of BR may be used alone or in combinations of two or more. Inparticular, the BR is preferably a high cis BR having a cis content of90% by mass or higher to improve abrasion resistance.

The BR may be an unmodified BR or a modified BR. Examples of themodified BR include those into which functional groups as listed for themodified diene rubber are introduced.

From the standpoints of abrasion resistance and other properties, theamount of the BR, if present, based on 100% by mass of the rubbercomponent is preferably 10 to 90% by mass, more preferably 20 to 80% bymass.

The BR may be a commercial product of, for example, Ube Industries,Ltd., JSR Corporation, Asahi Kasei Corporation, or Zeon Corporation.

Examples of the isoprene-based rubbers include natural rubber (NR),polyisoprene rubber (IR), refined NR, modified NR, and modified IR. TheNR may be one commonly used in the rubber industry such as SIR20, RSS#3, or TSR20. Non-limiting examples of the IR include those commonlyused in the rubber industry such as IR2200. Examples of the refined NRinclude deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) and highly purified naturalrubber (UPNR). Examples of the modified NR include epoxidized naturalrubber (ENR), hydrogenated natural rubber (HNR), and grafted naturalrubber. Examples of the modified IR include epoxidized polyisoprenerubber, hydrogenated polyisoprene rubber, and grafted polyisoprenerubber. These isoprene-based rubbers may be used alone or incombinations of two or more.

From the standpoints of fuel economy and other properties, the amount ofthe isoprene-based rubber, if present, based on 100% by mass of therubber component is preferably 10 to 90% by mass, more preferably 20 to80% by mass.

From the standpoints of rubber physical properties, the amount of thenanocellulose per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component in therubber composition is preferably 2 parts by mass or more, morepreferably 5 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 7 parts bymass or more. From the standpoints of dispersibility of thenanocellulose and other properties, the amount is also preferably 100parts by mass or less, more preferably 50 parts by mass or less, stillmore preferably 30 parts by mass or less.

The rubber composition may contain additional fillers other than thenanocellulose. Examples of the additional fillers include carbon black,silica, calcium carbonate, talc, alumina, clay, aluminum hydroxide,aluminum oxide, and mica. From the standpoints of tire physicalproperties, carbon black or silica is preferred among these.

Non-limiting examples of the carbon black include N134, N110, N220,N234, N219, N339, N330, N326, N351, N550, and N762. Examples ofcommercial products include those available from Asahi Carbon Co., Ltd.,Cabot Japan K.K., Tokai Carbon Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi ChemicalCorporation, Lion Corporation, NSCC Carbon Co., Ltd, and ColumbiaCarbon. These may be used alone or in combinations of two or more.

The amount of the carbon black per 100 parts by mass of the rubbercomponent is preferably 5 parts by mass or more, more preferably 15parts by mass or more. When the amount is not less than the lower limit,good properties such as abrasion resistance and grip performance tend tobe obtained. The amount is also preferably 100 parts by mass or less,more preferably 50 parts by mass or less. When the amount is not morethan the upper limit, the rubber composition tends to obtain goodprocessability.

The carbon black preferably has a nitrogen adsorption specific surfacearea (N₂SA) of 50 m²/g or more, more preferably 80 m²/g or more, stillmore preferably 100 m²/g or more. When the N₂SA is not less than thelower limit, good abrasion resistance and good grip performance tend tobe obtained. The N₂SA is also preferably 200 m²/g or less, morepreferably 150 m²/g or less, still more preferably 130 m²/g or less.Carbon black having a N₂SA of not more than the upper limit tends toexhibit good dispersibility.

The nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of the carbon black can bedetermined in accordance with JIS K6217-2:2001.

Examples of the silica include dry silica (anhydrous silica) and wetsilica (hydrous silica). Wet silica is preferred among these because itcontains a large number of silanol groups. Examples of usable commercialproducts include those available from Degussa, Rhodia, Tosoh SilicaCorporation, Solvay Japan, and Tokuyama Corporation. These may be usedalone or in combinations of two or more.

The amount of the silica per 100 parts by mass of the rubber componentis preferably 25 parts by mass or more, more preferably 30 parts by massor more, still more preferably 50 parts by mass or more. When the amountis not less than the lower limit, good wet grip performance and goodhandling stability tend to be obtained. The upper limit of the amount isnot limited but is preferably 300 parts by mass or less, more preferably200 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 170 parts by mass orless, particularly preferably 100 parts by mass or less, most preferably80 parts by mass or less. When the amount is not more than the upperlimit, good dispersibility tends to be obtained.

The silica preferably has a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area(N₂SA) of 70 m²/g or more, more preferably 140 m²/g or more, still morepreferably 160 m²/g or more. When the N₂SA is not less than the lowerlimit, good wet grip performance and good tensile strength at break tendto be obtained. The upper limit of the N₂SA of the silica is not limitedbut is preferably 500 m²/g or less, more preferably 300 m²/g or less,still more preferably 250 m²/g or less. When the N₂SA is not more thanthe upper limit, good dispersibility tends to be obtained.

The N₂SA of the silica is measured by the BET method in accordance withASTM D3037-93.

The rubber composition containing silica preferably further contains asilane coupling agent.

Non-limiting examples of the silane coupling agent include sulfidesilane coupling agents such as bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide,bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl)tetrasulfide,bis(4-triethoxysilylbutyl)tetrasulfide,bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide,bis(2-trimethoxysilylethyl)tetrasulfide,bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl)trisulfide,bis(4-trimethoxysilylbutyl)trisulfide,bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide,bis(2-triethoxysilylethyl)disulfide,bis(4-triethoxysilylbutyl)disulfide,bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide,bis(2-trimethoxysilylethyl)disulfide,bis(4-trimethoxysilylbutyl)disulfide, 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, 2-triethoxysilylethyl-N,N-dimethylthiocarbamoyl tetrasulfide, and 3-triethoxysilylpropylmethacrylate monosulfide; mercapto silane coupling agents such as3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-mercaptoethyltriethoxysilane, andNXT and NXT-Z both available from Momentive; vinyl silane couplingagents such as vinyltriethoxysilane and vinyltrimethoxysilane; aminosilane coupling agents such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; glycidoxy silane coupling agents such asy-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane and y-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane;nitro silane coupling agents such as 3-nitropropyltrimethoxysilane and3-nitropropyltriethoxysilane; and chloro silane coupling agents such as3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane.Examples of commercial products include those available from Degussa,Momentive, Shin-Etsu Silicone, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., AZmax.Co., and Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd. These silane coupling agents may beused alone or in combinations of two or more.

The amount of the silane coupling agent per 100 parts by mass of thesilica is preferably 3 parts by mass or more, more preferably 6 parts bymass or more. When the amount is 3 parts by mass or more, goodproperties such as tensile strength at break tend to be obtained. Theamount is also preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15parts by mass or less. The silane coupling agent in an amount of 20parts by mass or less will produce an effect commensurate with theamount.

The rubber composition may contain a plasticizer.

From the standpoints of processability and other properties, the amountof the plasticizer per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component ispreferably 2 parts by mass or more, more preferably 5 parts by mass ormore, still more preferably 7 parts by mass or more. From thestandpoints of tensile strength at break and other properties, theamount is also preferably 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 30parts by mass or less, still more preferably 20 parts by mass or less.

Non-limiting examples of the plasticizer include plastic materials whichare liquid at 25° C., such as oils and liquid resins. One type or acombination of two or more types of these plasticizers may be used.

Non-limiting examples of the oils include conventionally known oils, forexample: process oils such as paraffinic process oils, aromatic processoils, and naphthenic process oils; low PCA (polycyclic aromatic) processoils such as TDAE and MES; vegetable fats and oils; and mixturesthereof. From the standpoints of abrasion resistance and tensileproperties, aromatic process oils are preferred among these. Specificexamples of the aromatic process oils include Diana Process Oil AHseries available from Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.

Non-limiting examples of the liquid resins include liquid aromatic vinylpolymers, coumarone-indene resins, indene resins, terpene resins, rosinresins, and hydrogenated products of the foregoing.

Liquid aromatic vinyl polymers refer to resins produced by polymerizinga-methylstyrene and/or styrene. Examples include liquid resins such asstyrene homopolymers, a-methylstyrene homopolymers, and copolymers ofa-methylstyrene and styrene.

Liquid coumarone-indene resins refer to resins that contain coumaroneand indene as main monomer components forming the skeleton (backbone) ofthe resins. Examples of monomer components which may be contained in theskeleton other than coumarone and indene include styrene,a-methylstyrene, methylindene, and vinyltoluene.

Liquid indene resins refer to liquid resins that contain indene as amonomer component forming the skeleton (backbone) of the resins.

Liquid terpene resins refer to liquid terpene-based resins typified byresins produced by polymerization of terpene compounds such as α-pinene,β-pinene, camphene or dipentene, and terpenephenol resins produced fromterpene compounds and phenolic compounds.

Liquid rosin resins refer to liquid rosin-based resins typified bynatural rosins, polymerized rosins, modified rosins, and ester compoundsthereof, or hydrogenated products thereof.

The rubber composition may contain a solid resin (a polymer that issolid at room temperature (25° C.)).

The amount of the solid resin, if present, per 100 parts by mass of therubber component is preferably 1 part by mass or more, more preferably 3parts by mass or more, still more preferably 5 parts by mass or more.The amount is also preferably 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably30 parts by mass or less, still more preferably 20 parts by mass orless. When the amount is within the range indicated above, good wet gripperformance tends to be obtained.

Non-limiting examples of the solid resin include solid styrene resins,coumarone-indene resins, terpene resins, p-t-butylphenol acetyleneresins, acrylic resins, dicyclopentadiene resins (DCPD resins), C5petroleum resins, C9 petroleum resins, and 05/C9 petroleum resins. Thesemay be used alone or in combinations of two or more.

Solid styrene resins refer to solid polymers produced from styrenicmonomers as structural monomers, and examples include polymers producedby polymerizing a styrenic monomer as a main component (50% by mass ormore). Specific examples include homopolymers produced by polymerizing astyrenic monomer (e.g., styrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene,p-methylstyrene, a-methylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene,p-phenylstyrene, o-chlorostyrene, m-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene)alone, copolymers produced by copolymerizing two or more styrenicmonomers, and copolymers of styrenic monomers and additional monomerscopolymerizable therewith.

Examples of the additional monomers include acrylonitriles such asacrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; unsaturated carboxylic acids suchas acrylic acid and methacrylic acid; unsaturated carboxylic acid esterssuch as methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate; dienes such aschloroprene, butadiene, and isoprene; olefins such as 1-butene and1-pentene; and α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and acid anhydridesthereof such as maleic anhydride.

In particular, solid a-methylstyrene resins (e.g., a-methylstyrenehomopolymers, copolymers of a-methylstyrene and styrene) are preferred.

Examples of the solid coumarone-indene resins include solid resinshaving structural units as described for the liquid coumarone-indeneresins.

Examples of the solid terpene resins include polyterpene, terpenephenol, and aromatic modified terpene resins.

Polyterpene resins refer to resins produced by polymerization of terpenecompounds, or hydrogenated products of the resins. The term “terpenecompound” refers to a hydrocarbon having a composition represented by(C₅H₈)_(n) or an oxygen-containing derivative thereof, each of which hasa terpene backbone and is classified as, for example, a monoterpene(C₁₀H₁₆), sesquiterpene (C₁₅H₂₄), or diterpene (C₂₀H₃₂). Examples ofsuch terpene compounds include α-pinene, β-pinene, dipentene, limonene,myrcene, alloocimene, ocimene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene,terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, 1,4-cineole, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, andγ-terpineol.

Examples of the solid polyterpene resins include solid terpene resinsmade from the aforementioned terpene compounds, such as α-pinene resins,β-pinene resins, limonene resins, dipentene resins, andβ-pinene-limonene resins, and solid hydrogenated terpene resins producedby hydrogenation of these terpene resins.

Examples of the solid terpenephenol resins include solid resins producedby copolymerization of the aforementioned terpene compounds and phenoliccompounds, and solid resins produced by hydrogenation of these resins.Specific examples include solid resins produced by condensation of theaforementioned terpene compounds, phenolic compounds, and formaldehyde.The phenolic compounds include, for example, phenol, bisphenol A,cresol, and xylenol.

Examples of the solid aromatic modified terpene resins include solidresins obtained by modification of terpene resins with aromaticcompounds, and solid resins produced by hydrogenation of these resins.The aromatic compounds may be any compound having an aromatic ring,including, for example: phenol compounds such as phenol, alkylphenols,alkoxyphenols, and unsaturated hydrocarbon group-containing phenols;naphthol compounds such as naphthol, alkylnaphthols, alkoxynaphthols,and unsaturated hydrocarbon group-containing naphthols; styrene andstyrene derivatives, such as alkylstyrenes, alkoxystyrenes, andunsaturated hydrocarbon group-containing styrenes; coumarone; andindene.

Examples of the solid p-t-butylphenol acetylene resins include solidresins produced by condensation of p-t-butylphenol and acetylene.

The solid acrylic resins are not limited, but solvent-free solid acrylicresins are suitable because they contain little impurities and have asharp molecular weight distribution.

Examples of the solvent-free solid acrylic resins include (meth)acrylicresins (polymers) synthesized by high temperature continuouspolymerization (high temperature continuous bulk polymerization asdescribed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,370, JP S59-6207 A, JPH5-58005 B, JP H1-313522 A, U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,166, and annual researchreport TREND 2000 issued by Toagosei Co., Ltd., vol. 3, pp. 42-45, allof which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety) usingno or minimal amounts of auxiliary raw materials such as polymerizationinitiators, chain transfer agents, and organic solvents. Herein, theterm “(meth)acrylic” means methacrylic and acrylic.

Preferred are solid acrylic resins that are substantially free ofauxiliary raw materials such as polymerization initiators, chaintransfer agents, and organic solvents. Also preferred are such acrylicresins having a relatively narrow compositional distribution ormolecular weight distribution, produced by continuous polymerization.

As described above, solid acrylic resins which are substantially free ofauxiliary raw materials such as polymerization initiators, chaintransfer agents, and organic solvents, namely which are of high purity,are preferred. The purity of the solid acrylic resins (the resin contentof the resins) is preferably 95% by mass or more, more preferably 97% bymass or more.

Examples of the monomer components of the solid acrylic resins include(meth)acrylic acids and (meth)acrylic acid derivatives such as(meth)acrylic acid esters (e.g., alkyl esters, aryl esters, aralkylesters), (meth)acrylamides, and (meth) acrylamide derivatives.

In addition to the (meth)acrylic acids or (meth)acrylic acidderivatives, aromatic vinyls, such as styrene, a-methylstyrene,vinyltoluene, vinylnaphthalene, divinylbenzene, trivinylbenzene, ordivinylnaphthalene, may also be used as monomer components of the solidacrylic resins.

The solid acrylic resins may be formed only of the (meth)acryliccomponents or may further contain constituent components other than the(meth)acrylic components. Moreover, the solid acrylic resins may containa hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a silanol group, or other groups.

The plasticizer and the solid resin may each be a commercial product of,for example, Maruzen Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Bakelite Co.,Ltd., Yasuhara Chemical Co., Ltd., Tosoh Corporation, Rutgers Chemicals,BASF, Arizona Chemical, Nitto Chemical Co., Ltd., Nippon Shokubai Co.,Ltd., JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, Arakawa Chemical Industries,Ltd., or Taoka Chemical Co., Ltd.

From the standpoints of crack resistance, ozone resistance, and otherproperties, the rubber composition preferably contains an antioxidant.

Non-limiting examples of the antioxidant include: naphthylamineantioxidants such as phenyl-α-naphthylamine; diphenylamine antioxidantssuch as octylated diphenylamine and4,4′-bis(α,α′-dimethylbenzyl)diphenylamine; p-phenylenediamineantioxidants such as N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, andN,N′-di-2-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine; quinoline antioxidants such as2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline polymer; monophenolic antioxidantssuch as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol and styrenated phenol; and bis-,tris-, or polyphenolic antioxidants such astetrakis-[methylene-3-(3′,5′-di-t-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane. Among these, p-phenylenediamine or quinolineantioxidants are preferred, withN-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine or2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline polymer being more preferred.Examples of commercial products include those available from SeikoChemical Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Ouchi Shinko ChemicalIndustrial Co., Ltd., and Flexsys.

The amount of the antioxidant per 100 parts by mass of the rubbercomponent is preferably 0.2 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.5parts by mass or more. When the amount is not less than the lower limit,sufficient ozone resistance tends to be obtained. The amount is alsopreferably 7.0 parts by mass or less, more preferably 4.0 parts by massor less. When the amount is not more than the upper limit, goodappearance tends to be obtained.

The rubber composition preferably contains stearic acid. From thestandpoint of the balance between the above-mentioned properties, theamount of the stearic acid per 100 parts by mass of the rubber componentis preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 5 parts bymass.

The stearic acid may be conventionally known one, such as a commercialproduct of, for example, NOF Corporation, Kao Corporation, FUJIFILM WakoPure Chemical Corporation, or Chiba Fatty Acid Co., Ltd.

The rubber composition preferably contains zinc oxide. From thestandpoint of the balance between the above-mentioned properties, theamount of the zinc oxide per 100 parts by mass of the rubber componentis preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 5 parts bymass.

The zinc oxide may be conventionally known one, such as a commercialproduct of, for example, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., Toho ZincCo., Ltd., HakusuiTech Co., Ltd., Seido Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., orSakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

The rubber composition may contain a wax. Non-limiting examples of thewax include petroleum waxes, natural waxes, and synthetic waxes producedby purifying or chemically treating a plurality of waxes. These waxesmay be used alone or in combinations of two or more.

Examples of the petroleum waxes include paraffin waxes andmicrocrystalline waxes. The natural waxes may be any wax derived fromnon-petroleum resources, and examples include plant waxes such ascandelilla wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, rice wax, and jojoba wax;animal waxes such as beeswax, lanolin, and spermaceti; mineral waxessuch as ozokerite, ceresin, and petrolatum; and purified products of theforegoing waxes. Examples of usable commercial products include thoseavailable from Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd., Nippon SeiroCo., Ltd., and Seiko Chemical Co., Ltd. The amount of the wax may beselected appropriately in view of ozone resistance and cost.

The rubber composition preferably contains sulfur in order to formmoderate crosslinks between polymer chains and achieve a good balancebetween the above-mentioned properties.

The amount of the sulfur per 100 parts by mass of the rubber componentis preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.5 parts bymass or more, still more preferably 0.7 parts by mass or more, but ispreferably 6.0 parts by mass or less, more preferably 4.0 parts by massor less, still more preferably 3.0 parts by mass or less. When theamount is within the range indicated above, a good balance between theabove-mentioned properties tends to be achieved.

Examples of the sulfur include those commonly used in the rubberindustry, such as powdered sulfur, precipitated sulfur, colloidalsulfur, insoluble sulfur, highly dispersible sulfur, and soluble sulfur.Examples of usable commercial products include those available fromTsurumi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Karuizawa Sulfur Co., Ltd., ShikokuChemicals Corporation, Flexsys, Nippon Kanryu Industry Co., Ltd., andHosoi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. These may be used alone or incombinations of two or more.

The rubber composition preferably contains a vulcanization accelerator.

The amount of the vulcanization accelerator is not limited and may bearbitrarily selected according to the desired cure rate and crosslinkdensity. Yet, the amount is usually 0.3 to 10 parts by mass, preferably0.5 to 7 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.

Any type of vulcanization accelerator may be used including usually usedones. Examples of the vulcanization accelerator include thiazolevulcanization accelerators such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole,di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, andN-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide; thiuram vulcanizationaccelerators such as tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD),tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide (TBzTD), and tetrakis(2-ethylhexyl)thiuramdisulfide (TOT-N); sulfenamide vulcanization accelerators such asN-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide, N-oxyethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, andN,N′-diisopropyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide; and guanidinevulcanization accelerators such as diphenylguanidine,diorthotolylguanidine, and orthotolylbiguanidine. These may be usedalone or in combinations of two or more. From the standpoint of thebalance between the above-mentioned properties, sulfenamide or guanidinevulcanization accelerators are preferred.

In addition to the above-mentioned components, the rubber compositionmay appropriately contain usual additives used in applied fields, suchas release agents or pigments.

The rubber composition can be prepared by known methods, such as bykneading components including the filler/rubber composite in a rubberkneading machine such as an open roll mill or a Banbury mixer, andvulcanizing the kneaded mixture.

The kneading conditions are as follows. In a base kneading step thatincludes kneading additives other than vulcanizing agents andvulcanization accelerators, the kneading temperature is usually 50 to200° C., preferably 80 to 190° C., and the kneading duration is usually30 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably one minute to 30 minutes. In afinal kneading step that includes kneading the vulcanizing agents andvulcanization accelerators, the kneading temperature is usually 100° C.or lower, preferably from room temperature to 80° C. The compositionobtained after kneading the vulcanizing agents and vulcanizationaccelerators is usually vulcanized by, for example, press vulcanization.The vulcanization temperature is usually 120 to 200° C., preferably 140to 180° C.

The rubber composition may be used in, for example, tires, rubberfootwear soles, rubber floor materials, vibration proof rubbers, seismicisolators, flame butyl rubbers, belts, tubes, packing materials, medicalstoppers, and other industrial rubber products. In particular, therubber composition can preferably be used as a rubber composition fortires owing to its ability to improve durability (tensile strength atbreak), handling stability, fuel economy, and other properties.

The rubber composition may suitably be used in pneumatic tires. Suchpneumatic tires can be produced using the rubber composition by usualmethods. Specifically, an unvulcanized rubber composition into whichmaterials are compounded as needed may be extruded into the shape of atire component and then assembled with other tire components in a tirebuilding machine in a usual manner to build an unvulcanized tire, whichmay then be heated and pressurized in a vulcanizer to produce a tire.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be described in greater detail with referenceto, but not limited to, examples.

[Evaluation Method]

CNC/surfactant composites and CNF/surfactant composites were evaluatedas described below.

(Moisture Content)

The moisture content (%) of each CNC/surfactant or CNF/surfactantcomposite was measured in accordance with JIS A 1476:2006 “Measuringmethod for moisture content of building materials by drying at elevatedtemperature”.

(Recovery Ratio)

To 10 g of each CNC/surfactant or CNF/surfactant composite was added 500g of pure water, and they were stirred and ultrasonicated for 10 minutesto effect redispersion. CNC/surfactant or CNF/surfactant redispersionswere thus prepared.

The recovery ratio (%) of the CNC/surfactant or CNF/surfactantredispersions was determined by the following equation. A higherrecovery ratio indicates better redispersibility.

[Recovery ratio (%)]=[Viscosity (mPa·s) of CNC/surfactant orCNF/surfactant redispersion]/[Viscosity (mPa·s) of CNC slurry (CNCaqueous dispersion) or CNF slurry (CNF aqueous dispersion)]×100

The viscosity (mPa·s) was measured at 23° C. using a tuning-forkvibration viscometer.

The chemicals used in the preparation of the CNC/surfactant compositesand the like are listed below.

CNC: cellulose nanocrystal (average fiber length: 100 to 300 nm, averagefiber diameter: 5 to 50 nm, degree of crystallinity: 80%, solidscontent: 2% by mass) available from Inno Tech Alberta

Surfactant A: NUOSPERSE FX 605 (anionic surfactant, sodiumpolycarboxylate (hydrophobic group: hydrocarbon group, hydrophilicgroup: COO⁻ (carboxyl group), counter ion: Na⁺), Mw: 6000) availablefrom Elementis PLC

Surfactant B: DEMOL EP (anionic surfactant, sodium polycarboxylate(hydrophobic group: isobutylene group, hydrophilic group: COO⁻ (carboxylgroup), counter ion: Na⁺), Mw: 20000) available from Kao Corporation

Surfactant C: DEMOL NL (anionic surfactant (hydrophobic group:hydrocarbon group, hydrophilic group: SO₃ ⁻ (sulfonate group), counterion: Na⁺), Mw: 20000) available from Kao Corporation

Surfactant D: NUOSPERSE FX 600 (anionic surfactant, aminepolycarboxylate (hydrophobic group: phenyl group, hydrophilic group:COO⁻ (carboxyl group), counter ion: NH₄ ⁺), Mw: 2000) available fromElementis PLC

Surfactant E: TERIC 16A29 (nonionic surfactant, CH₃(CH₂)₁₅(OC₂H₄)₂₉—OH))available from Huntsman Corporation

(Preparation of CNC/Surfactant Composite)

To a 1% by mass CNC aqueous dispersion prepared from CNC and pure waterwas added the surfactant in the predetermined amount shown in theformulation in Table 1, and they were stirred using a high-speedhomogenizer at room temperature (20 to 30° C.) for five minutes to givea mixture (liquid mixture) containing CNC and the surfactant. Then, theliquid mixture was filtrated and dried (170° C., 60 minutes) to obtain aCNC/surfactant composite.

TABLE 1 CNC/surfaotant composite A B C D E X Surfactant Surfactant ASurfactant B Surfactant C Surfactant D Surfactant E — (anionic,(anionic, (anionic, (anionic, (nonionic) Mw: 6,000) Mw: 20,000) Mw:20,000) Mw: 2,000) Amount (parts by mass) of 10 10 10 10 10 — surfactantrelative to 100 parts by mass (solids content) of CNC Moisture content 78 6 7 8 8 (% by mass) Recovery ratio (%) of 100 80 80 50 50 50redispersion

The chemicals used in the preparation of the CNF/surfactant compositesand the like are listed below.

Microfibrillated plant fiber: biomass nanofiber (trade name “BiNFi-scellulose”, solids content: 2% by mass, moisture content: 98% by mass,average fiber diameter: 20 to 50 nm, average fiber length: 500 to 1000nm, degree of crystallinity: 70%) available from Sugino Machine Limited

TEMPO: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl

Sodium bromide: a product available from FUJIFILM Wako Pure ChemicalCorporation

Sodium hypochlorite: a product available from Tokyo Chemical IndustryCo., Ltd.

NaOH: NaOH available from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation

Surfactant A: NUOSPERSE FX 605 (anionic surfactant, sodiumpolycarboxylate (hydrophobic group: hydrocarbon group, hydrophilicgroup: COO⁻ (carboxyl group), counter ion: Na⁺), Mw: 6000) availablefrom Elementis PLC

Surfactant B: DEMOL EP (anionic surfactant, sodium polycarboxylate(hydrophobic group: isobutylene group, hydrophilic group: COO⁻ (carboxylgroup), counter ion: Na^(t)), Mw: 20000) available from Kao CorporationSurfactant F: polyethylene oxide (Mw: 150000)

(Preparation of Microfibrillated Plant Fiber Dispersion (CNF AqueousDispersion))

An amount of 10 g of the microfibrillated plant fiber, 150 mg of TEMPO,and 1000 mg of sodium bromide were dispersed in 1000 mL of water. To thedispersion was added a 15% by mass sodium hypochlorite aqueous solutionsuch that the amount of sodium hypochlorite was 5 mmol per gram(absolute dry weight) of the microfibrillated plant fiber, followed bystarting a reaction. The pH during the reaction was maintained at 10.0by dropwise adding a 3M aqueous NaOH solution. The reaction wasconsidered to be completed when the pH no longer changed. The reactionproduct was filtered through a glass filter and then subjected to fivecycles of washing with plenty of water and filtration, thereby obtaininga water-impregnated, reacted fiber with a solids content of 15% by mass.

The fiber was diluted to form a 1% by mass CNF aqueous dispersion.

(Preparation of CNF/Surfactant Composite)

To the 1% by mass CNF aqueous dispersion was added the surfactant in thepredetermined amount shown in the formulation in Table 2, and they werestirred using a high-speed homogenizer at room temperature (20 to 30°C.) for five minutes to give a mixture (liquid mixture) containing CNFand the surfactant. Then, the liquid mixture was filtrated and dried(170° C., 60 minutes) to obtain a CNF/surfactant composite.

TABLE 2 CNF/surfactant composite A B F Y Surfactant Surfactant ASurfactant B Surfactant F — (anionic, (anionic, (PEO, Mw: 6,000) Mw:20,000) Mw150,000) Amount (parts by mass) of 20 20 20 — surfactantrelative to 100 parts by mass (solids content) of CNF Moisture content(% by mass) 7 5 7 8 Recovery ratio (%) of redispersion 100 80 50 50

The chemicals used in the preparation of rubber compositions are listedbelow.

Natural rubber latex: field latex obtained from Muhibbah LATEKS

CNC/surfactant redispersions: prepared as described in the recoveryratio evaluation

CNF/surfactant redispersions: prepared as described in the recoveryratio evaluation

Carbon black: SHOBLACK N220 (N₂SA: 111 m²/g) available from Cabot JapanK.K.

Oil: process X140 available from Japan Energy Corporation

Antioxidant: OZONONE 6C(N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) available fromSeiko Chemical Co., Ltd.

Zinc oxide: zinc oxide #1 available from Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co.,Ltd.

Stearic acid: stearic acid “TSUBAKI” available from NOF Corporation

Sulfur: powdered sulfur available from Tsurumi Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.

Vulcanization accelerator: NOCCELER NS(N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide) available from Ouchi ShinkoChemical Industrial Co., Ltd.

(Preparation of CNC/Natural Rubber Composite or CNF/Natural RubberComposite)

The CNC/surfactant redispersion A, B, C, D, or E, or the CNF/surfactantredispersion A, B, or F was mixed with the natural rubber latex at aratio of 10 parts by mass of CNC or CNF (solids content) relative to 100parts by mass of the rubber solids, and they were stirred using ahigh-speed homogenizer at room temperature for five minutes to prepare acompounded latex having a pH of 10.2. To the compounded latex was addeda 2% by mass formic acid aqueous solution at room temperature to adjustthe pH to 3 to 4 to form coagula. The coagula were filtered and dried.CNC/natural rubber composites A, B, C, D, and E, and CNF/natural rubbercomposites A, B, and F were thus prepared.

Moreover, a CNC/natural rubber composite X and a CNF/natural rubbercomposite Y were prepared as described above, except that the CNCaqueous dispersion (no surfactant) and the CNF aqueous dispersion (nosurfactant) were used instead of the CNC/surfactant redispersion and theCNF/surfactant redispersion, respectively.

<Preparation of Rubber Composition>

The materials other than the sulfur and vulcanization accelerator shownin the formulation in Table 3 or 4 were kneaded using a 1.7-L Banburymixer at 150° C. for four minutes. Then, the sulfur and vulcanizationaccelerator were added to, the kneaded mixture and they were kneadedusing an open roll mill at 80° C. for four minutes to give anunvulcanized rubber composition. The unvulcanized rubber composition waspress-vulcanized at 170° C. for 12 minutes using a 2 mm-thick mold toobtain a vulcanized rubber composition.

The vulcanized rubber compositions prepared as above were evaluated asdescribed below. It should be noted that Comparative Examples 1-3 and2-2 are used as standards of comparison in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

[Evaluation Method] (CNC or CNF Dispersibility)

The vulcanized rubber compositions were observed with an electronmicroscope to evaluate dispersibility of CNC or CNF in the rubbermatrix. The CNC or CNF dispersibility of each formulation example isexpressed as an index relative to the standard comparative example takenas 100. A higher index indicates better dispersibility of CNC or CNF.

(Tensile Strength at Break)

A tensile test was performed on No. 3 dumbbell-shaped rubber specimensprepared from the vulcanized rubber compositions in accordance with JISK 6251 “Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—Determination of tensilestress-strain properties” to measure the tensile strength at break (TB).The TB of each formulation example is expressed as an index relative tothe rubber specimen of the standard comparative example (standardspecimen) (=100) using the equation below. A higher TB index indicates ahigher tensile strength at break and better reinforcement anddurability.

(TB index)=(TB of each formulation example)/(TB of standard comparativeexample)×100

(Fuel Economy)

The loss tangent (tan δ) and complex modulus E* (MPa) of eachformulation example (vulcanized rubber composition) were measured usinga viscoelastic spectrometer VES (Iwamoto Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) at atemperature of 70° C., an initial strain of 10%, a dynamic strain of 1%,and a frequency of 10 Hz. Tan δ and E* indexes of each formulationexample were calculated using the tan δ and E* of the standardcomparative example each taken as 100. A higher tan δ index indicates alower rolling resistance and better fuel economy. A higher E* indexindicates better modulus. In addition, a balance index calculated as “E*index x tan δ index/100” was determined. A higher balance indexindicates a better balance between modulus and fuel economy.

TABLE 3 Example Comparative Example 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-1 1-2 1-3 FormulationCNC/natural rubber 110 (10) (parts by mass) composite A (amount of CNC)CNC/natural rubber 110 (10) composite B (amount of CNC) CNC/naturalrubber 110 (10) composite C (amount of CNC) CNC/natural rubber 110 (10)composite D (amount of CNC) CNC/natural rubber 110 (10) composite E(amount of CNC) CNC/natural rubber 110 (10) composite X (amount of CNC)Carbon black 30 30 30 30 30 30 Oil 10 10 10 10 10 10 Antioxidant 3 3 3 33 3 Zinc oxide 3 3 3 3 3 3 Stearic acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 Sulfur 1.5 1.5 1.51.5 1.5 1.5 Vulcanization 1 1 1 1 1 1 accelerator Evaluation CNCdispersibility 130 120 120 100 100 100 Tensile strength 110 105 108 8580 100 at break (TB index) Fuel economy 110 105 105 90 80 100 (tan δindex) Complex modulus 120 110 110 105 105 100 (E* index) Balance 132116 116 95 84 100 (= E* × tan δ/100) CNC/natural rubber composite X: Nosurfactant

TABLE 4 Comparative Example Example 2-1 2-2 2-1 2-2 FormulationCNF/natural rubber composite A 110 (10) (parts by mass) (amount of CNF)CNF/natural rubber composite B 110 (10) (amount of CNF) CNF/naturalrubber composite F 110 (10) (amount of CNF) CNF/natural rubber compositeY 110 (10) (amount of CNF) Carbon black 30 30 30 30 Oil 10 10 10 10Antioxidant 3 3 3 3 Zinc oxide 3 3 3 3 Stearic acid 2 2 2 2 Sulfur 1.51.5 1.5 1.5 Vulcanization accelerator 1 1 1 1 Evaluation CNFdispersibility 120 115 80 100 Tensile strength at break (TB index) 110105 90 100 Fuel economy (tan δ index) 110 105 90 100 Complex modulus (E*index) 130 110 95 100 Balance (=E* × tan δ/100) 143 116 86 100CNF/natural rubber composite Y: No surfactant

As shown in Tables 3 and 4, composites containing an ionic surfactanthaving a weight average molecular weight of 3000 or more and ananocellulose exhibited excellent redispersibility in water, despitetheir moisture content of lower than 10% by mass. Moreover, rubbercompositions containing the composites exhibited good dispersibility ofthe nanocellulose (good CNC or CNF dispersibility) and also hadexcellent tensile strength at break and fuel economy as well as anexcellent balance between modulus and fuel economy.

1. A nanocellulose/surfactant composite, comprising a nanocellulose anda surfactant, the nanocellulose/surfactant composite having a moisturecontent of lower than 10%, the surfactant comprising an ionic surfactanthaving a weight average molecular weight of 3000 or more.
 2. Thenanocellulose/surfactant composite according to claim 1, wherein thenanocellulose comprises at least one of a microfibrillated cellulose ora cellulose nanocrystal.
 3. The nanocellulose/surfactant compositeaccording to claim 2, wherein the microfibrillated cellulose has anaverage fiber diameter of 2 to 50 nm, an average fiber length of 10 μmor less, and a degree of crystallinity of 60 to 90%.
 4. Thenanocellulose/surfactant composite according to claim 2, wherein thecellulose nanocrystal has an average fiber diameter of 2 to 50 nm, anaverage fiber length of 500 nm or less, and a degree of crystallinity of70% or more.
 5. A method for producing the nanocellulose/surfactantcomposite according to claim 1, the method comprising steps of: mixingthe ionic surfactant with a dispersion of the nanocellulose to prepare aliquid mixture, and drying the liquid mixture.
 6. A rubber composition,comprising the nanocellulose/surfactant composite according to claim 1.